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Fortuna ((ラテン語:Fortūna), equivalent to the Greek goddess Tyche) was the goddess of fortune and personification of luck in Roman religion. She might bring good or bad luck: she could be represented as veiled and blind, as in modern depictions of Justice, and came to represent life's capriciousness. She was also a goddess of fate: as ''Atrox Fortuna'', she claimed the young lives of the princeps Augustus' grandsons Gaius and Lucius, prospective heirs to the Empire.〔Marguerite Kretschmer, "Atrox Fortuna" ''The Classical Journal'' 22.4 (January 1927), 267 - 275.〕 Her father was said to be Jupiter and like him, she could also be bountiful (''Copia''). As ''Annonaria'' she protected grain supplies. June 11 was sacred to her: on June 24 she was given cult at the festival of ''Fors Fortuna''.〔(Samuel Ball Platner and Thomas Ashby, ''A Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome,''; (London: Oxford University Press) 1929: on-line text ).〕〔Ovid, ''Fasti'' VI. 773‑786.〕 ==Cult== Fortuna's Roman cult was variously attributed to Servius Tullius – whose exceptional good fortune suggested their sexual intimacy〔Varro, ''De Lingua Latina'' VI.17.〕 – and to Ancus Marcius.〔Plutarch; see (Samuel Ball Platner and Thomas Ashby, ''A Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome,''; (London: Oxford University Press) 1929: on-line text ).〕 The two earliest temples mentioned in Roman Calendars were outside the city, on the right bank of the Tiber (in Italian Trastevere). The first temple dedicated to Fortuna was attributed to the Etruscan Servius Tullius, while the second is known to have been built in 293 BC as the fulfilment of a Roman promise made during later Etruscan wars〔Livy, 'Ab Urbe Condita', 2.40.〕 The date of dedication of her temples was 24 June, or Midsummer’s Day, when celebrants from Rome annually floated to the temples downstream from the city. After undisclosed rituals they then rowed back, garlanded and inebriated.〔Billington, S., Green, M. 'The Concept of the Goddess' (London, New York, 1996), 133-134.〕 Also Fortuna had a temple at the Forum Boarium. Here Fortuna was twinned with the cult of Mater Matuta (the goddesses shared a festival on 11 June), and the paired temples have been revealed in the excavation beside the church of Sant'Omobono: the cults are indeed archaic in date.〔Hornblower, S., Spawforth, A., 'The Oxford Classical Dictionary' (Oxford, New York), 606.〕 Fortuna Primigenia of Praeneste was adopted by Romans at the end of 3rd BC in an important cult of ''Fortuna Publica Populi Romani'' (the ''Official Good Luck of the Roman People'') on the Quirinalis outside the Porta Collina.〔Hornblower, S., Spawforth, A. 'The Oxford Classical Dictionary' (Oxford, New York), 606.〕 No temple at Rome, however, rivalled the magnificence of the Praenestine sanctuary. Fortuna's identity as personification of chance events was closely tied to ''virtus'' (strength of character). Public officials who lacked virtues invited ill-fortune on themselves and Rome: Sallust uses the infamous Catiline as illustration – "Truly, when in the place of work, idleness, in place of the spirit of measure and equity, caprice and pride invade, fortune is changed just as with morality".〔''Verum ubi pro labore desidia, pro continentia et aequitate lubido atque superbia invasere, fortuna simul cum moribus immutatur'', Sallust, ''Catilina'', ii.5. His view of ''fortuna'' is discussed in Etienne Tiffou, "Salluste et la Fortuna", ''Phoenix'', 31.4 (Winter 1977), 349 - 360.〕 An oracle at the Temple of Fortuna Primigena in Praeneste used a form of divination in which a small boy picked out one of various futures that were written on oak rods. Cults to Fortuna in her many forms are attested throughout the Roman world. Dedications have been found to ''Fortuna Dubia'' (doubtful fortune), ''Fortuna Brevis'' (fickle or wayward fortune) and ''Fortuna Mala'' (bad fortune). She is found in a variety of domestic and personal contexts. During the early Empire, an amulet from the House of Menander in Pompeii links her to the Egyptian goddess Isis, as Isis-Fortuna.〔Allison, P., 2006, ''The Insula of Menander at Pompeii'': Vol.III, The Finds; A Contextual Study, Oxford: Clarendon Press〕 She is functionally related to the God Bonus Eventus,〔Greene, E.M., “The Intaglios”, in Birley, A. and Blake, J., 2005, Vindolanda: The Excavations of 2003-2004, Bardon Mill: Vindolanda Trust, pp187-193〕 who is often represented as her counterpart: both appear on amulets and intaglio engraved gems across the Roman world. In the context of the early republican period account of Coriolanus, in around 488 BC the Roman senate dedicated a temple to Fortuna on account of the services of the matrons of Rome in saving the city from destruction.〔Livy, ''Ab urbe condita'', 2:40〕 Her name seems to derive from ''Vortumna'' (she who revolves the year). The earliest reference to the Wheel of Fortune, emblematic of the endless changes in life between prosperity and disaster, is from 55 BC.〔Cicero, ''In Pisonem''.〕 In Seneca's tragedy ''Agamemnon'', a chorus addresses Fortuna in terms that would remain almost proverbial, and in a high heroic ranting mode that Renaissance writers would emulate: Ovid's description is typical of Roman representations: in a letter from exile〔Ovid, ''Ex Ponto'', iv, epistle 3.〕 he reflects ruefully on the "goddess who admits by her unsteady wheel her own fickleness; she always has its apex beneath her swaying foot." 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Fortuna」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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